Данная книга является вторым изданием учебника по лекси-кологии тех же авторов, вышедшего впервые в 1966 г. В учебнике нашли отражение такие вопросы лексикологии, как семасиология, структура слова, словосложение и словообра-зование, словосочетания и фразеологические единицы, этимоло-гия словарного состава английского языка, основы английской лексикографии и др. Второе издание дополнено разделом "Методы лексикологи-ческого исследования", значительно расширен раздел "Лексико-графия" и др. Учебник предназначается для студентов институтов и фа-культетов иностранных языков. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page , Preface to the First Edition 3 Preface to the Second Edition 5 I. INTRODUCTION § 1. Definition. Links with Other Branches of Linguistics 7 § 2. Two Approaches to Language Study 7 § 3. Lexicology and Sociolinguistics 8 § 4. Lexical Units . 9 § 5. Varieties of Words 10 § 6. Course of Modern English Lexicology. Its Aims and Significance . . 11 II. SEMASIOLOGY Word-Meaning § 1. Referential Approach to Meaning 13 § 2. Meaning in the Referential Approach 16 § 3. Functional Approach to Meaning 17 § 4. Relation Between the Two Approaches 18 Types of Meaning § 5. Grammatical Meaning 18 § 6. Lexical Meaning 19 § 7. Part-of-speech Meaning 19 § 8. Denotational and Connotational Meaning 20 § 9. Emotive Charge 21 § 10. Stylistic Reference 21 § 11. Emotive Charge and Stylistic Reference 22 § 12. Summary and Conclusions 22 Word-Meaning and Meaning in Morphemes § 13. Lexical Meaning 23 § 14. Functional (Part-of-speech) Meaning 24 § 15. Differential Meaning 24 § 16. Distributional Meaning 25 Word-Meaning and Motivation § 17. Morphological Motivation 25 § 18. Phonetical Motivation 26 § 19. Semantic Motivation 27 § 20. Summary and Conclusions 27 Change of Meaning § 21. Causes of Semantic Change 29 § 22. Nature of Semantic Change 30 § 23. Results of Semantic Change 31 § 24. Interrelation of Causes, Nature and Results of Semantic Change 32 § 25. Summary and Conclusions 33 § 26. Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words 33 § 27. Diachronic Approach 34 § 28. Synchronic Approach 35 § 29. Historical Changeability of Semantic Structure 36 § 30. Polysemy and Arbitrariness of Semantic Structure 37 § 31. Summary and Conclusions 38 Polysemy and Homonymy § 32. Homonymy of Words and Homonymy of Word-Forms 39 § 33. Classification of Homonyms 40 § 34. Some Peculiarities of Lexico-Grammatical Homonymy 41 § 35. Graphic and Sound-Form of Homonyms 42 § 36. Sources of Homonymy 42 § 37. Polysemy and Homonymy: Etymological and Semantic Criteria 43 § 38. Formal Criteria: Distribution and Spelling 44 § 39. Summary and Conclusions 45 Word-Meaning in Syntagmatics and Paradigmatics § 40. Polysemy and Context 47 § 41. Lexical Context - 48 § 42. Grammatical Context 49 § 43. Extra-Linguistic Context (Context of Situation) 50 § 44. Common Contextual Associations. Thematic Groups 50 Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words § 45. Conceptual (or Semantic) Fields 51 § 46. Hyponymic (Hierarchical) Structures and Lexico-semantic Groups 53 § 47. Semantic Equivalence and Synonymy 55 § 48. Criteria of Synonymity 57 § 49. Patterns of Synonymic Sets in Modern English 58 § 50. Semantic Contrasts and Antonymy 59 § 51. Semantic Similarity of Morphemes and Word-Families 61 § 52. Summary and Conclusions 62 III. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS Some Basic Features of Word-Groups § 1. Lexical Valency (Collocability) 64 § 2. Grammatical Valency , 66 Structure of Word-Groups § 3. Distribution as a Criterion of Classification 67 Meaning of Word-Groups § 4. Lexical Meaning 68 § 5. Structural Meaning 69 § 6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups 69 Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups § 7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups ... 70 § 8. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Patterns 71 § 9. Motivation in Word-Groups 71 § 10, Summary and Conclusions 72 Phraseological Units § 11. Free Word-Groups, Versus Set-Phrases. Phraseological Units, Idioms, Word-Equivalents 74 § 12. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity) ..74 § 13. Classification 75 § 14. Some Debatable Points 76 § 15. Criterion of Function 79 § 16. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper 80 § 17. Some Debatable Points 81 § 18. Criterion of Context 82 § 19. Some Debatable Points 83 § 20. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language 84 § 21. Some Problems of the Diachronic Approach 86 § 22. Summary and Conclusions 88 IV. WORD-STRUCTURE § 1. Segmentation of Words into Morphemes 89 § 2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability 89 § 3. Classification of Morphemes 92 § 4. Procedure of Morphemic Analysis 94 § 5. Morphemic Types of Words 95 § 6. Derivative Structure . 95 § 7. Derivative Relations 96 § 8. Derivational Bases . . 97 § 9. Derivational Affixes 100 § 10. Semi-Affixes 102 § 11. Derivational Patterns , 103 § 12. Derivational Types of Words 104 § 13. Historical Changeability of Word-Structure 105 § 14. Summary and Conclusions 106 V. WORD-FORMATION Various Ways of Forming Words § 1. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words 108 § 2. Word-Formation. Definition" Basic Peculiarities 109 § 3. Word-Formation as the Subject of Study . . 111 § 4. Productivity of Word-Formation Means 112 § 5. Summary and Conclusions 114 Affixation § 6. Definition. Degree of Derivation. Prefixal and Suffixal Derivatives 114 § 7. Prefixation. Some Debatable Problems 115 § 8. Classification of Prefixes ..... 117 § 9. Suffixation. Peculiarities of Some Suffixes 119 § 10. Main Principles of Classification 120 § 11. Polysemy and Homonymy 121 § 12. Synonymy 122 § 13. Productivity 123 § 14. Origin of derivational affixes 125 § 15. Summary and Conclusions . 126 Conversion § 16. Definition 127 § 17. Synchronic Approach 130 § 18. Typical Semantic Relations 131 § 19. Basic Criteria of Semantic Derivation 133 § 20. Diachronic Approach of Conversion. Origin 136 § 21. Productivity. Traditional and Occasional Conversion. ....138 § 22. Conversion and Sound-(Stress-) Interchange 139 § 23. Summary and Conclusions . . . 140 Word-Composition § 24. Compounding 140 § 25. Structure 141 § 26. Meaning 143 § 27. Structural Meaning of the Pattern 144 § 28. The Meaning of Compounds. Motivation 145 § 29. Classification 146 § 30. Relations between the ICs of Compounds 146 § 31. Different Parts of Speech 147 § 32. Means of Composition 148 § 33. Types of Bases 149 § 34. Correlation between Compounds and Free Phrases . 151 § 35. Correlation Types of Compounds 154 § 36. Sources of Compounds 158 § 37. Summary and Conclusions 158 VI. ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH WORD-STOCK § 1. Some Basic Assumptions 160 Words of Native Origin § 2. Semantic Characteristics and Collocability 162 § 3. Derivational Potential 162 § 4. Summary and Conclusions 164 Borrowings § 5. Causes and Ways of Borrowing 164 § 6. Criteria of Borrowings . ? 165 § 7. Assimilation of Borrowings 166 § 8. Phonetic, Grammatical and Lexical Assimilation of Borrowings 167 § 9. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It 170 § 10. Summary and Conclusions 170 Interrelation between Native and Borrowed Elements § 11. The Role of Native and Borrowed Elements 171 § 12. Influence of Borrowings 172 § 13. Summary and Conclusions 175 VII. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY UNITS AND REPLENISHMENT OF MODERN ENGLISH WORD-STOCK Interdependence of Various Aspects of the Word § 1. Notional and Form Words 176 § 2. Frequency, Polysemy and Structure 177 § 3. Frequency and Stylistic Reference 178 § 4. Frequency, Polysemy and Etymology 179 § 5. Frequency and Semantic Structure 180 Replenishment of Modern English Vocabulary § 6. Development of Vocabulary 180 § 7. Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of New Vocabulary Units 183 Ways and Means of Enriching the Vocabulary § 8. Productive Word-Formation . 184 § 9. Various Ways of Word-Creation 187 § 10. Borrowing 191 § 11. Semantic Extension 193 Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English § 12. Some Debatable Problems of Lexicology 195 § 13. Intrinsic Heterogeneity of Modern English 196 § 14. Number of Vocabulary Items in Actual Use and Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English 197 § 15. Summary and Conclusions " 198 VIII. VARIANTS AND DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE The Main Variants of the English Language § 1. General Characteristics of the English Language in Different Parts of the English-Speaking World 200 § 2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants 202 § 3. Some Points of History of the Territorial Variants and Lexical Interchange Between Them 205 Local Varieties in the British Isles and the USA § 4. Local Dialects in the British Isles 206 § 5. The Relationship Between the English National Language and British Local Dialects 207 § 6. Local Dialects in the USA 208 § 7. Summary and Conclusions 209 IX. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY Main Types of English Dictionaries § 1. Encyclopaedic and Linguistic Dictionaries 210 § 2. Classification of Linguistic Dictionaries 211 § 3. Explanatory Dictionaries 213 § 4. Translation Dictionaries 213 § 5. Specialised Dictionaries 214 Some Basic Problems of Dictionary-Compiling § 6. The Selection of Lexical Units for Inclusion 216 § 7. Arrangement of Entries . 218 § 8. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings 219 § 9. Definition of Meanings . 220 § 10. Illustrative Examples 221 § 11. Choice of Adequate Equivalents 222 § 12. Setting of the Entry , 222 § 13. Structure of the Dictionary 225 Learner's Dictionaries and Some Problems of Their Compilation § 14. Main Characteristic Features of Learner's Dictionaries 226 § 15. Classification of Learner's Dictionaries 227 § 16. Selection of Entry Words 229 § 17. Presentation of Meanings 230 § 18. Setting of the Entry 232 § 19. Summary and Conclusions 233 X. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS § 1. Contrastive Analysis , . 234 § 2. Statistical Analysis ... 242 § 3. Immediate Constituents Analysis 245 § 4. Distributional Analysis and Co-occurrence 246 § 5. Transformational Analysis ' 251 § 6. Componental Analysis 254 § 7. Method of Semantic Differential 259 § 8. Summary and Conclusions 261 Material for Reference , . . . 262