Навчальний посібник містить тексти, різноманітні лексичні вправи та завдання, що сприяють вивченню та активізації фахової термінологічної лексики, розвитку комунікативних навичок, кращому засвоєнню матеріалу, розвивають логічне мислення, вміння вести професійно спрямовану бесіду. Призначений для студентів-магістрантів спеціальності 8.15010002 "Державна служба" Тернопільського національного економічного університету, а також підприємців та керівників різних рівнів. CONTENTS Chapter 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF MANAGEMENT Unitl TOPIC: MANAGERS AND MANAGERIAL LEARNING 3 1. What is a manager? 3 2. Levels of managers 4 3. Types of managers 4 4. Functions of management 10 5. Managerial learning 11 Unit 2 TOPIC: PERCEPTION 18 1. Why study perception 18 2. Perceptual process 19 3. The nature and implications of selective attention (perceptual selectivity) 21 4. The nature and implications of perceptual organization 31 5. Perceptual allusions 32 6. Person perception. Problems in person perception 37 Unit 3 TOPIC: PERSONALITY 48 1. The importance of studying personality 48 2. Personality type theories 53 3. Personality trait theories 54 4. Attitudes and behaviours influenced by personality 65 5. Person-job fit 66 Unit 4 TOPIC: GROUPS AND TEAMS 75 1. Differentiation between groups, psychological groups and teams 75 2. Formal and informal groups and teams 79 3. Stages of group and team development 86 4. Building and maintaining effective team 90 5. Groups versus the individual 97 Unit 5 TOPIC: DECISION MAKING 101 1. The importance of decision making 101 2. Types of managerial decisions 102 3. Decision conditions 110 4. How managers approach decisions 110 5. The decision-making process 117 Unit6 TOPIC: MOTIVATION 130 1. The concept of motivation 130 2. The content theories 138 3. The process theories 147 4. The reinforcement theory 155 5. The newest trend in motivation 155 Unit 7 TOPIC: LEADERSHIP 161 1. The nature of leadership. Leadership versus management 161 2. Leadership versus power and empowerment 163 3. Leadership traits and behaviours 173 4. Autocratic versus democratic leaders 175 5. Contingency approaches to leadership 182 6. Issues in leadership development 190 7. Drucker's "old-fashioned" leadership 192 8. Gender and leadership 192 Chapter 2. BASICS OF ECONOMICS Unitl TOPIC: THE WORLD OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 197 1. Why international economics 197 2. What international economics 198 3. The importance of international business 202 4. The nature of international business 210 5. Global links today 211 Unit 2 TOPIC: FUNCTIONS OF BUSINESS 218 1. Marketing 218 2. Accounting 219 3. Communication 220 4. Personnel and selection training 220 Unit3 TOPIC: INTERNATIONAL SERVICES 234 1. Main economic sectors 234 2. Differences between services and products 235 3. Link between services and goods 236 4. Typical International services 247 Unit 4 TOPIC: PRODUCT POLICY 253 1. Production process 253 2. Product policy 265 3. Product life cycle 269 4. Management of the product life cycle 271 5. Product-line policies and strategies 276 6. Factors influencing changes in product mix 280 LITERATURE 287