У пропонованому підручнику висвітлюється широке коло питань теорії та практики відтворення мовних одиниць і явищ лексикологічного і граматичного аспектів англійської й української мов. У теоретичній частині дохідливо англійською мовою викладаються короткі відомості про існуючі типи і види перекладу, про історію розвитку принципів перекладу в Західній Європі та в Україні впродовж останнього тисячоліття. Проте основна частина підручника відведена способам відтворення лексикологічних та граматичних труднощів англійської мови українською і навпаки. Зокрема: вірному/адекватному відтворенню різних типів власних назв людей, географічних назв і назв установ, компаній, організацій, назв газет, журналів тощо. Підручник містить багато різноманітних вправ на закріплення теоретичного матеріалу. TABLE OF CONTENTS Передмова 8 I. Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation 10 Translation as a Notion and Subject 10 Significance of Translating/Interpreting 13 Translation in Teaching of Foreign Languages 15 Ways of Translating -. 17 Machine Translation 26 Kinds of Translating/Interpreting 28 Suggested Topics for Self-Control and Class Discussion 32 II. A Short Historical Outline of European and Ukrainian Translation 34 Translation and Interpretation during the Middle Ages 38 Translation during the Renaissance Period 41 Translation during the Period of Classicism and Enlightenment 42 The Epoch of Romanticism and Establishment of the Principles of Faithful Translation in Europe 44 Translation in Kyivan Rus' during the 10th - 13th Centuries and in Ukraine during the 14th - 16th Centuries 47 The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and Revival of Translation Activities in Ukraine 52 Kotlyarevskyi's Free Adaptation of Virgil's Aeneid and the Beginning of a New Era in Ukrainian Translation 54 Translation and Translators during the Late 19th-Early 20th Centuries 57 Translation during the Years of Ukraine's Independence (1917-1921) and Soviet Rule 63 Translation and Translators in Post-War Ukraine. The Development of the Principles of Faithful Translation 72 Translation in Ukraine during the Last Decade of the 20th Century and the Role of the Vsesvit Journal 86 Suggested Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 89 ///. Lexicological Aspects of Translation 91 Methods and Ways of Translating Various Proper Names 92 Conveying the Names of Companies, Corporations, Firms 104 Topics for Self-Control and Class/Home Reviewing 113 Texts for Independent Oral and Written Translation 126 Units of International Lexicon and Ways of Rendering Their Meaning and Lingual Form 128 Ways of Conveying the Lexical Meaning of Genuine Internationalisms 135 Translating of Loan Internationalisms 140 Suggested Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 141 Exercises for Class and Homework 142 Texts for Independent Class and Home Translation 146 News Items for Class Translation at Sight (in Viva Voce) 148 Units of Nationally Biased Lexicon and Ways of Their Translation 151 Ways of Rendering the Meaning of Nationally Biased Units of Lexicon 157 Exercises for Class and Homework 169 Texts for Independent Class and Home Translation 177 Translating of Idiomatic/Phraseological and Stable Expressions 182 Transformations of Some Idioms in the Process of Translating 196 Suggested Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 198 Exercises for Class and Homework 198 IV. Lexico-Grammatical Aspects of Translation 208 Rendering of the Contextual Meanings of the Definite and Indefinite Articles 208 Realization of Contextual Meanings of the Definite Article 210 Realization of Contextual Meanings of the Indefinite Article 215 Suggested Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 221 Exercises for Class and Homework 221 Asyndetic Noun Clusters and Rendering Their Meaning into Ukrainian : 225 Approaches to Translating Asyndetic Substantival Clusters 226 Translation of Two-Componental Asyndetic Substantival Clusters 227 Translation of Three-Componental Asyndetic Substantival Clusters 232 Translation of Four-Componental Asyndetic Substantival Clusters 237 Translation of Five-, Six- and Seven-Componental Asyndetic Substantival Clusters 240 Suggested Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 243 Exercises for Class and Home Translation 244 Translating of English Verbals and Verbal Constructions/Complexes 252 Ways of Rendering the Lexico-Grammatical Meanings and Function of the English Infinitive 253 Ways of Translating Infinitival Complexes 256 Ways of Translating the Objective with the Infinitive Constructions/Predicative Complexes 259 Ways of Rendering the Meaning of the Subjective with the Infinitive Constructions 263 Ways of Translating the Participles and Participial Constructions 269 Ways of Translating Participial Constructions/Complexes 273 A. Ways of Translating the Objective with the Participle Constructions/Complexes 274 B. Ways of Translating the Subjective with the Participle Constructions/Complexes 276 С Ways of Translating the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions/Complexes 280 D. Ways of Identification of Implicit Meanings in the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions 283 Structural Types of Ukrainian Language Units Conveying the Meanings of the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions ... 285 Translation of the Gerund and Gerundial Complexes 295 Ways of Translating Gerundial Complexes/Constructions 299 Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 302 Ways and Means of Expressing Modality in English and Ukrainian 308 The Lexico-Grammatical Expression of Modality through Modal Verbs 310 English Modal Verbs Having not Always Modal Verbs Equivalents in Ukrainian 334 Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 343 Exercises for Class and Homework 343 Transformations in the Process of Translation 361 Grammatically and Stylistically Prearranged Transformations 367 Stylistically/Subjectively Predetermined Transformations 369 Ways of Conveying the Passive Voice Constructions 370 Objectively Required and Subjectively Introduced/Contextual Transformations of Language Units 376 Objectively and Subjectively Conditioned Transformations of Lexical Units in the Process of Translation 382 Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 387 Exercises for Class and Homework 387 V. Semantic Aspects of Translation 391 Language Units and Levels of Their Faithful Translation 391 Ways of Conveying the Meanings of Polysemantic Language Units 394 Conveying the Meanings of Language Units at Passage/Text Level 398 Lexico-Semantic, Stylistic and Structural Analysis of Language Units/Sense Units of the Excerpt 405 Suggested Topics for Self-Testing and Class Discussion 419 Exercises for Class and Homework 420 Publicists and Newspaper Style Texts and Ways of Their Translation 423 New Items for Class and Home Writteji or Oral Translation 436 A List of Literature Used and Recommended 444