Посібник складено для використання у навчальному процесі підготовки бакалаврів напряму підготовки "Нафтогазова справа". Мета посібника - формування навичок читання професійно-орієнтованих іншомовних джерел інформації, а також навичок усного та письмового мовлення у межах завдань, визначених програмою. При складанні текстів враховувалась актуальність проблеми та професійно-спрямована складова текстового матеріалу. Система вправ навчального посібника забезпечує активізацію комунікативної компетенції з метою здійснення видів діяльності та процесів, включених у продукцію та рецепцію текстів, та для побудови мовлення на професійно-орієнтовані теми, що підготує студентів до виконання завдань, які постануть перед ними в умовах майбутньої професійної діяльності. CONTENTS ПЕРЕДМОВА ....................................................................3 PART I. PETROLEUM AND GAS Unit I......................................................................................4 Section 1. Basic course...........................................................5 Task 1 Oil (Petroleum). Origin and natural occurrence..........5 Task 2. History and development of petroleum.......................9 Task 3. Exploration and drilling of wells................................14 Task 4. Composition of oil......,,..,..........................................21 Task 5. Products of oil recycling.............................................27 Task 6. Transportation, storage and discharge of oil products.......32 Task 7. Oil transport at sea......................................................38 Task 8. Ecological and environmental impacts......................43 Section 2. Additional reading.................................................47 From the history of petroleum industry..................................47 Oil wells - pages of history.....................................................48 Crude oil refinery...................................................................50 Ecological and environmental impacts...................................51 Unit II.....................................................................................60 Section 1. Basic course...........................................................60 Task 1. Gas. History and development....................................60 Task 2. Extracting natural gas from earth and sea...................66 Task 3. Natural gas processing................................................72 Task 4. Natural gas storage.....................................................78 Task 5. Properties of gas influencing on the technology of its transporting..................................................84 Task 6. Liquefied natural gas...................................................88 Task 7. Ecological and environmental impacts.........................93 Section 2. Additional reading..................................................98 How do we get natural gas......................................................98 How is natural gas stored and delivered.................................99 How is natural gas measured ..................................................99 Description of natural gas processing plant...........................100 Measures and definitions .......................................................102 Depleted gas reservoir............................................................103 Aquifer reservoir....................................................................104 Salt formation.........................................................................104 Future of storage technology..................................................105 Safety....................................................................................106 The greenhouse effect...........................................................106 Pari II. PIPELINES Unit III ..................................................................................109 Section 1. Basic course..........................................................110 Task 1. Piping. Pipeline transport...........................................110 Task 2. Pipelines - history and development.........................115 Task 3. What is the difference between oil and gas pipeline? .....121 Task 4. Pipeline components..................................................127 Task 5. Pipelines classification..............................................131 Task 6. Pipeline operation.....................................................137 Task 7. Leak detection systems............................................144 Task 8. Safety. Ecological and environmental impact.........147 Section 2. Additional reading...............................................153 Pipelines in North America...................................................153 Oil pipelines.........................................................................154 Water end sewer lines .........................................................155 Water pipelines ...................................................................156 Pneumatic pipelines...............................................................157 Capsule pipelines .................................................................158 Odesa-Brody pipeline............................................................160 Offshore pipelines.................................................................160 Permafrost ...........................................................................161 Pipelines in Canada..............................................................162 Alaska oil pipeline. Environmental and ecological impacts................................................................165 Pipeline Construction...........................................................170 Pipeline Technology.............................................................173 Glossary .............................................................................178 Oil and gas...........................................................................178 Exploration ..........................................................................193 Production ...........................................................................197 Measures .............................................................................205 Environment ........................................................................208 Pipelines .............................................................................209 Appendix S cientific Research and Business Proceed ings....................214 Academic conference ............................................................214 Congress at a glance...............................................................218 Types of scientific publications.............................................227 Understanding and using the scientific method...................231 Scientific journal .................................................................234 Forms of academic teaching.................................................238 Grammar Reference .............................................................245 Measures, weights and parameters......................................270 Vocabulary ........................................................................279 Unit I ...............................................................................279 Unit II .................................................................................283 Unit III ................................................................................286 References ...........................................................................299